TDOA-based Jammer Localization in NavIC and LEO Satellite Systems

Using time-difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, this study investigates the localisation of jamming sources in satellite navigation systems. A hybrid simulation framework integrating NavIC and low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite receivers was developed to estimate jammer positions under noisy conditions. Several estimation algorithms, including least squares, weighted least squares, maximum likelihood estimation and particle filtering, were implemented and compared. Their performances were evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations through root mean square error, cumulative distribution analysis and error distribution testing. Results indicate that weighted least squares and maximum likelihood estimation achieved superior localisation performance with a mean positional error of approximately 96.7 m, significantly outperforming the least squares approach. Particle filtering provided moderate accuracy because of its stochastic behaviour. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of probabilistic and optimisation-based techniques for addressing non-linear localisation problems in satellite navigation systems. Further work is required using real satellite data and real-time implementation in practical satellite environments.