Comprehensive Review on Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete using Agro-Industrial Waste for Sustainable Construction

The construction industry alone produces around 34% of global carbon-dioxide emissions, with just cement manufacture accounting for roughly 8% of total CO2 emissions [11]. The critical need for a sustainable building industry has required the development of such Agro-industrial waste-based alternatives to construction that are environmentally friendly. This paper provides a review of Life Cycle Assessment [LCA] applications for determining the environmental effects of the concrete [1] containing Agro-Industrial wastes such as fly ash, [GGBS]ground granulated blast furnace slag and bagasse ash, silica fume, and calcined clay, using a consolidated comparison within the same LCA framework [6,14]. It was found that Fly Ash and GGBS have the most favorable sustainability profiles, while local impacts differ according to logistics [25]. It should also be noted that the study identifies specific sustainability trade-offs related to material. It was discovered that industrial SCM reduces global emissions but increases transport-related load, whereas Agro-waste SCM provides low-energy and local benefits, with performance dependent on processing quality [15,30]. The study discusses how waste materials may be utilized to make concrete as part of the circular economy, reducing environmental impact and meeting the building industry's global net zero emission criteria [27].