A Review of Biocement as an Intelligent and Smart Material for Various Soil Conditions

Biocement is growing more widely acknowledged as a practical building material that enhances soil behavior and strength. Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is the primary method used to produce biocement. In contrast with OPC cement, biocement can be used in a variety of geotechnical and structural engineering projects because it can strengthen itself over time and repair minor cracks. The development of biocement research and applications from 2000 to 2025 is outlined in this paper, with a focus on material characteristics, treatment techniques, and performance under various loading and environmental conditions. The efficiency potential of biocement is compared with traditional stabilizers such as lime and cement in terms of durability, strength improvement, and environmental impact. Key literature gaps, challenges in large-scale field application, and concerns related to long-term performance are discussed in this paper. Also, it highlighted the future research directions, including hybrid biocement systems, smart material behavior, and durability assessment under difficult conditions. Overall, this review provides sustainable solution for soil improvement and development of smart infrastructure.