Design and Implementation of an IoT-based Animal Tracking and Health Surveillance System

New technologies are now key to wildlife conservation, helping experts address problems related to poaching, habitat loss, and ineffective animal health monitoring. The study introduces and demonstrates the creation of a robust IoT-driven system for observing animals and monitoring their vital signs, to advance ecology and conservation. The system uses an ESP32 microcontroller to read inputs from several embedded sensors, and an A9G module helps with geolocation through GPS and communication through GSM. Data from the heart and blood oxygen levels (SpOâ‚‚) is obtained using the MAX30001 pulse oximeter, while GY-521 monitors movement, detects orientation, and measures temperature. The battery powering the assembly is a 3.7V lithium-ion that can be recharged, and it is housed in a tough, waterproof case for continued use in various conditions. An emergency SOS function quickly sends alerts when there are problems, such as distress, hunting animals illegally, or seeing unusual health signs. Field checks showed that the system works reliably with GPS, gives accurate readings of body data, and can run for up to 72 hours before running out of battery. The solution provides an easy-to-use and powerful way to study wildlife in real time, which can be applied to conservation management, researching animal behaviour, and remote monitoring of nature.