Composition and Characteristics Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste using Proximate Method and Estimation of Greenhouse Gases from Landfill Sites in Punjab a State of India

Given the rate of towns inhabitants growth the amount of leftover produced per person from different sources, in different ways and types in most of the Indian cities, managing this municipal solid waste is a major problem. Poor handling of municipal solid waste can harm the environment, can endanger public health and cause further socioeconomic issues. To gain a better understanding of the existing state of management of municipal solid waste, we conducted projections and analyses of the content, features, and greenhouse gas emissions from landfill sites in four different zones in Punjab. A combined methodology of quantitative and qualitative analysis was used for the investigation of primary and secondary data from the landfill site. We used uninformed samplings to determine the configuration of waste and performed a proximate analysis, which includes Lower Heat Value (LHV), Ash Content, Volatile Matter (VMC), Moisture Content (MC), and Fixed Carbon (FC). According to the study's proximate analysis findings, Zone II dumpsite has the highest VMC at 57.8% but the lowest MC (38.279%). In contrast to this, the Zone IV dumpsite solid waste has the highest MC of 48.046%. Ash content ranged between 39.2% and 46%, with the Zone III dumpsite solid waste having the highest and the Zone II dumpsite solid waste having the lowest levels. In addition, among the four dumpsites, solid waste from Zone III has the highest FC The LHV for the municipal solid waste varied from 2042.724kcal/kg (in zone iii) to 2493.798kcal/kg (in zone iv), demonstrating the viability of planning trash to energy production in cities. Subsequently, with the aid of IPCC methodology using the Default Method and First Order Model, we calculated the emission of greenhouse gases from the landfill sites, which are a major contributor to methane gas (CH4) emissions that are produced in favourable conditions by microorganisms, it was found out that the Default Method gave a better picture of the emission values of greenhouse gases