Abstract

This comprehensive review delves into the realm of swarm intelligence techniques, offering an in-depth analysis of their principles, diverse applications, and recent advancements. The paper focuses on three major algorithms within this domain—Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), and Bee Algorithm (BA). Through a meticulous comparative analysis, the strengths, weaknesses, and application domains of each algorithm are systematically examined. The findings contribute valuable insights to the understanding of swarm intelligence, facilitating its application across a wide spectrum of fields.